NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  What is phimosis?* Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin can’t be retracted (pulled back) from around the tip of the penis. A tight foreskin is common in baby boys who aren’t circumcised, but it usually stops being a problem by the age of 3. Phimosis can occur naturally or be the result of scarring. Young boys may not need treatment for phimosis unless it makes urinating difficult or causes other symptoms. As these boys grow up, the need for treatment may increase. *Symptoms of phimosis* The main symptom of phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin by the age of 3. The foreskin usually loosens over time, but this process can take longer in some boys. By around the age of 17, a boy should be able to easily retract his foreskin. Another common symptom of phimosis is a swelling of the foreskin while urinating. *Causes of this condition* Phimosis can occur naturally. It’s unclear why it occurs in some boys but not others. The condition can also occur if the foreskin is fo

  PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE.* 1. *Customer Focus.* This standard relates to customer needs and customer service, a business should understand their customers and seek to meet their requirements. Where possible, they should aim to exceed customer expectations *Leadership* A Business should have clear objectives and employees should be actively involved in achieving this. The organizational benefit of this primarily is employee engagement and increased motivation which increases their productivity : *Involvement of people* An organization is nothing without its staff therefore their abilities should be used to full effect for business success. *Process Approach* This relates to efficiency and the understanding that appropriate processes will speed up activities. The main benefits of this is that, aside from efficiency, there will be reduced costs due to effective use of resources, improved and consistent results and focused improvements. 6. *Continual improvement* This principle

  DELIVERY OF A BABY By Jones H.M-MBA Assessment Assessment for delivery starts at the second stage of labor, which is the full cervical dilatation until the birth of t. he baby. This would be a crucial time since the mother would need to deliver her baby at this stage without any troubles and with her strength intact so she could push for a normal vaginal delivery. Assess the responses of the mother towards the intensity and duration of the contractions. Assess the comfortability of the mother with her birthing position. Assess her breathing techniques if they are effective or could add to the difficulty that the mother might be experiencing. Assess the ability of the support person to assist the mother during labor and birth. Assess the fetal heart sounds to make sure that there is no occlusion in the cord that could hinder fetal circulation. Assess if the environment is comfortable for both the mother and the baby. Diagnosis The difficulties that the mother may encounter during deli

  DYSMENORRHEA It's a clamping lower abdominal pain or discomfort associated with menstrual flows. STAGE Of DYSMENORRHEA Primary state * Start 12 .24 hrs with unset. * Lower clamping abdomenal pain * Nausea, diarrhoea and loss stool . Secondary state * Start after one or two weeks after menses. SIGNS And SYMPTOMS 1 morning sickness 2 chest burn 3 gripping abdominal pain 4 nausea 5 weakness 6 redness of the palms 7 enlarge breast 8 too much discharge 9 felling hot 10 sweating excess. DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 1 laboratory test for UTI 2 physical examination. TREATMENT 1 drug , antibiotics and analgesic 2 alpply cold complex 3 health education 4 nutritional education 5 nursing care. Compiled by Jones H.M/ DMS

  By Jones H.M- MBA/DMS NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH DEMENTIA Develop a therapeutic relationship Develop a relationship with the person based on empathy and trust. This will allow the patient to be more comfortable to verbalize feelings, challenges and also foster cooperation. This is especially so, since a person with dementia may have memory challenges and at times harbor paranoid thoughts. Ward environment and patient’s safety Maintain a safe environment for the person, yourself and other staff. Dementia patients may become agitated experience emotional instability from time to time and as such may harm self or become aggressive to others within the environment. In this regard, it is important to take the necessary environmental interventions to prevent any form of injury from taking place. If the person is agitated, maintain a quiet environment. Check noise levels regularly and reduce them if necessary by turning off the radio and television. In addition, give the person a c

  Tetanus Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a serious infection caused by Clostridium tetani. This bacterium produces a toxin that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the muscles. If Clostridium tetani spores are deposited in a wound, the neurotoxin interferes with nerves that control muscle movement. The infection can cause severe muscle spasms, serious breathing difficulties, and can ultimately be fatal. Although tetanus treatment exists, it is not uniformly effective. The best way to protect against tetanus is to take the vaccine. Tetanus affects the nerves that control muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing. may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck. Other common tetanus symptoms are: fast heart rate fever sweating high blood pressure The incubation period — the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onset of illness — is between 3 and 21 days. Symptoms typica

  ABSENCE SEIZURE* *DEFINITION* Absence seizures involve brief, sudden lapses of consciousness. They're more common in children than adults. Someone having an absence seizure may look like he or she is staring into space for a few seconds. This type of seizure usually doesn't lead to physical injury. Absence seizures usually can be controlled with anti-seizure medications. Some children who have them also develop other seizures. Many children outgrow absence seizures in their teens. SYMPTOMS An indication of simple absence seizure is a vacant stare, which may be mistaken for a lapse in attention that lasts 10 to 15 seconds, without any subsequent confusion, headache or drowsiness. Signs and symptoms of absence seizures include: Sudden stop in motion without falling Lip smacking Eyelid Flutters Chewing motions Finger rubbing Small movements of both hands Absence seizures generally last 10 to 15 seconds, followed immediately by full recovery. Afterward, there's no memory of t

  GENERAL ONCOLOGY NOMENCLATURE: Metaplasia Metaplasia means replacement of one mature cell type with another. It is non-neoplastic. For example, squamous metaplasia - most common type; seen in endocervix and bronchial mucosa. Glandular metaplasia is seen in Barret’s esophagus. Dysplasia Dysplasia is a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells and a loss in their architectural orientation. It is encountered principally in the epithelia. It is non-neoplastic with maximum potential for malignant change. Carcinoma In Situ When dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium, the lesion is referred to as carcinoma in situ. It is a preinvasive stage of cancer. Anaplasia Loss of differentiation of cells is known as anaplasia. It is the hallmark of malignancy. Features of anaplastic cells: 1. Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape). 2. Nuclei are hyperchromatic and large. 3. The nucleus : cytoplasm ratio of normal 1:4 or 1:6 may approach 1:1. 4. Anapla