SECOND STAGE OF LABOUR
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LABOUR; FIRST STAGE
1ST OF LABOUR *this is a period from the time the cervix starts to dilate upto the time it dilates to its fulllest 10cms. ** CAUSES OF LABOUR* * 1 .HORMONAL CAUSES** *the uterine contractions help initiate labour and expulsion of the foetus.so,oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary gland to excite tthe uterine muscles initiating labour. 2.MECHANICAL CAUSES** *this involves excitement of the uterine muscles by the overstrtching of the uterus due to pressure of the foetus on the uterus causing uterine contractions. 3.CHEMICAL CAUSES*** *this involves the release of oestrogen in pregnacy that allows the electrons or impulses to pass thru the uterine muscles causing contractions. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PROGRESS OF LABOUR** 1. PASSAGE ** *in cases where the vagina or birth canal is smaller that the foetal presenting part then labour prolongs. 2. PASSANGER ** *in cases where the foetal presnting part is bigger than the bith canal like cepha
DEAFNESS NURSING MANAGEMENT
DEAFNESS NURSING MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION Sudden deafness is severe hearing loss, usually in only one or both ears that develop over a period of a few hours or less. Mechanical or nervous impediment to the transmission of sound waves can produce hearing loss, in this discussion, we shall look at the assessment of hearing, causes, types, prevention and rehabilitative measures. DEFINATION OF TERMS 1. Deafness:- This is the partial or total inability to hear. 2. Hearing Loss:- This exists when there is diminished sensitivity to the sounds normally heard. 3. Hard of Hearing:- Having hearing impairment reaching to inability to hear own voice clearly or not able to learn or only occasionally use sign language. ASSESSMENT OF HEARING Hearing of an individual can be tested by clinical and audiometric test a) Clinical Tests of Hearing · Finger friction test · Watch test · Speech test ·
MALARIA
MALARIA DEFINITION OF MALARIA: 1. It is an acute tropical protozoa infection caused by an infected female anopheles mosquito bite found in hot and cold climate. 2. This is an acute tropical protozoa infection caused by plasmodium parasite. MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Through bite by an infected anopheles mosquito Through blood transfusion i.e if the blood is contaminated by malaria parasite Through trans-placental – mother to child. CLINICAL FEATURES: 1. irritability - This is because the child experiences pain all over the body. This comes as a result of body malaise, headache, myalgia etc. 2. Vomiting: - This is due to irritation of the GIT by the parasites. 3. Convulsions - This is a result of high temperature. These convulsions are more common in children less than 3 years. 4. Fever - Thi