NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  PSYCHIATRIC NURSING SKILLS OBJECTIVES Define key terms used Mention 8 psychiatric nursing skills Importance of  self-awareness Discuss the Johari window Outline the counseling skills Discuss the principles of counseling Explain stress management MARKING KEY DEFINITION OF TERMS SKILL This is an ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have practiced it. COMMUNICATION Communication – The reciprocal exchange of information, ideas, beliefs, feelings and attitudes between 2 people or among groups of people. SELF AWARENESS Self awareness involves looking inward to understand oneself and objectively (without bias) examine one’s beliefs, values, attitudes, motivations, strengths and limitations. This means the nurse must be able to examine personal feelings, actions, and reactions. However, no one ever completely knows the inner self, as shown in the

 Definition of Management Theory A Management Theory is a collection of ideas which set forth general rules on how to manage a business or organization http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management-theory.html#ixzz2ahT7axO0 Management theory addresses how managers and supervisors relate to their organizations in the knowledge of its goals, the implementation of effective means to get the goals accomplished and how to motivate employees to perform to the highest standard (http://operations-management.knoji.com/management-theories-that-can-be-applied-to-achieve-the-goal-of-a-business/) Having looked at the definition of a Management Theory, we are going discuss Common Theories of Management applied by Managers.   There are many theories of Management but for this Unit we are going to look at five management theories that can be applied in order to achieve the goal of a certain business or organization.  These theories are as follows;  ⦁ The Scientific Management theory ⦁ Th

 Attributes of Leadership If you are a leader who can be trusted, then those around you will grow to respect you. To be such a leader, there is a Leadership Framework to guide you; BE, KNOW& DO  BE a professional who possess good character traits. Examples: Honesty, commitment, , straightforwardness,  KNOW yourself. Examples: strengths and weakness of your character, knowledge, and skills.  KNOW your job. Examples: be proficient and be able to train others in their tasks.  KNOW your organization. Examples: where to go for help, its climate and culture, who the unofficial leaders are.  DO provide direction. Examples: goal setting, problem solving, decision making, planning.  DO implement. Examples: communicating, coordinating, supervising, evaluating.  DO motivate. Examples: develop morale, train, coach, counsel.

 Definition of Communication Communication is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of signs, symbols, or behavior  Introduction Communication is a common phenomenon in our day to day life. Communication keeps us in toutch with our friends, relatives workmates. What is communication?  Communication is the most important and more effective ingredient of Leadership and Management Circles.  Interpersonal communication is the basis of all and involves some form of direction and feedback.  Even in life, communication plays a very important role among friends within the family and in all social groups.   Communications skills are important to you because this topic provides you with Communication skills you will need to apply as you offer care for your clients,  as you will be handling interpersonal relations and in Team building through the Communication process.   

 Different types of Organizations.   ⦁ A pyramid/hierarchy has a leader who leads other members of the organization and this structure is often bureaucratic. ⦁ Committees/juries consist of groups of peers who decide collectively, sometimes by voting. ⦁ Matrix organizations assign workers to two different hierarchies in an attempt to maximize the benefits of both functional and decentralized organizational forms. ⦁ Ecologies Organizations address intense competition by holding employees accountable for smaller ventures that have to show their own profits. What is Organization Culture? Organization Culture  is the values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-culture.html#ixzz2aigJB7gd Organizational culture includes an organization's expectations, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings

 Leadership:  ⦁ “Is the art of influencing & inspiring subordinates to perform their duties willingly, competently & enthusiastically for achievement of group objectives.” ⦁ “Is the ability to motivate followers to pursue the goals the leader wishes to achieve.” ⦁ “is an interpersonal relationship in which the leader employs specific behavior and strategies to influence individuals and groups towards setting goals and attaining them in specific situations”. (Sullivan and Decker 1982: pp181). LEADERSHIP STYLES. AUTOCRATIC or DICTATORIAL LEADERSHIP. This type of leadership is also referred to as authoritarian or dominative leadership. Autocratic leaders keep the decision making authority & control in their own hands and assume full responsibility for all actions. it is the commanding style - “Do as I say, because I am the boss.” These leaders ⦁ Makes all decisions without seeking much input from individuals ⦁ Structure the entire work situation in their own way &

 TYPES OF LEADERS. CHARISMATIC LEADER ⦁ his influences normally comes from personality e.g. Hitler ⦁ very few posses this type of leadership as it is in born ⦁ These personal qualities of leadership cannot be acquired by training; these can only be modified by it. TRADITIONAL LEADER ⦁ This position is assured by birth e.g. kings ⦁ This is another category to which few people can aspire or acquire ⦁ There are few /no opportunities for traditional leadership at work. SITUATIONAL LEADER ⦁ The leader’s influence can only be effective by being in the right place at the right time ⦁ This kind of leadership is too temporal in nature to be of value in an organization. APPOINTED LEADER ⦁ The leader’s influence arises directly out of his position e.g. managers – this is a formal appointment leadership ⦁ This position has influence with legitimate power in the hierarchy & it is a bureaucratic type of leadership FUNCTIONAL LEADER ⦁ This position is influenced by expert kn

 FIVE (5) QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER ⦁ INTELIGENCE: not necessarily knowledge about detailed or highly specialized matters but good common sense. ⦁ INTEGRITY: the capacity to set standards of personal & official conduct which will command the respect of others. ⦁ PERSUASIVENESS: the capacity to win others to acceptance of the point of view embodied in decisions ⦁ JUDGEMENT: the capacity to know the strengths & weaknesses of the people one works with and how to obtain their maximum usefulness to the organization. ⦁ LOYALTY: devotion to a cause and also to the persons with whom one works, & willingness to defend subordinates against external attack.

 THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP. There is a wide and ever growing variety of theories to explain the concept and practice of leadership.  We will provide a brief overview of the more dominant or better known theories.  Trait Theory This theory postulates that people are either born or not born with the qualities that predispose them to success in leadership roles.  That is, that certain inherited qualities, such as personality and cognitive ability, are what underlie effective leadership.   There have been hundreds of studies to determine the most important leadership traits, and while there is always going to be some disagreement, intelligence, sociability, and drive (aka determination) are consistently cited as key qualities. Skills Theory This theory states that learned knowledge and acquired skills/abilities are significant factors in the practice of effective leadership.  Skills theory by no means disavows the connection between inherited traits and the capacity to be an effective leader

 PROBLEM-SOLVING. What is problem-solving? Definition:  What Is Problem-Solving? Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing and solving problems.  The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue. The best strategy for solving a problem depends largely on the unique situation.  The Steps in Problem-Solving In order to correctly solve a problem, it is important to follow a series of steps. This it referred to as the problem-solving cycle, which includes developing strategies and organizing knowledge.  While this cycle is portrayed sequentially, people rarely follow a rigid series of steps to find a solution. Instead, we often skip steps or even go back through steps multiple times until the desired solution is reached. ⦁ Identifying the Problem: While it may seem like an obvious step, identifying the problem is not always as simple as it sounds. In some cases, people might mistakenly identify t

 DECISION MAKING. How would you define it? Definition:- Decision-making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Making a decision implies that there are alternative choices to be considered, and in such a case we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to choose the one that best fits with our goals, desires, and so on. THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS  Good decision-making is important at all levels in the organization. It begins with a recognition or awareness of problems and opportunities and concludes with an assessment of the results of actions taken to solve those problems.  1. Identifying and Diagnosing Problems.  The first step in the decision-making process is the clear identification of opportunities or the diagnosis of problems that require a decision. Discrepancies between actual and desired conditions alert a manager to a potential opportunity or problem.  2. Identifyin

 DOCUMENTATION AND REPORT WRITING.  What is documentation? Definition of Documentation: Documentation is any written or electronically generated information about a client that describes the care or service to the client. A report is a document characterized by information or other content reflective of inquiry or investigation, which is tailored to the context of a given situation and audience. Reason for Documentation: To facilitate communication: Through documentation, nurses communicate to other nurses and care providers their assessments about the status of clients, and nursing interventions that are carried out. Documentation of this information increases the likelihood that the client will receive consistent and informed care or service.  To promote good Nursing care Documentation encourages nurses to assess client progress and determine which interventions are effective and ineffective, and identify and document changes to the plan of care as needed.  To meet professional and

 INNOVATION AND CREATIVENESS.   Definitions, Innovation is the process of translating an idea into a good or service that creates value or for which clients will pay. Innovation involves deliberate application of information, imagination and initiative in deriving greater or different values from resources, and includes all processes by which new ideas are generated and converted into useful products.   Innovation often results when ideas are applied by the health facility in order to further satisfy the needs and expectations of the clients e.g. introducing ‘moon lighting’ to cushion staff shortage in improving patient care.  Thus, a common sense definition of innovation is that it is a process of finding novel solutions to important problems.  Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems or communicating with others. It is the act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity involves tw