NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

The term maternal and child health refers to promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children. It includes the sub-areas of maternal health, child health, family planning, school health and adolescent health. The specific objectives of MCH are: Reduction of maternal, prenatal, infant and child mortality; Promotion of reproductive health and; Promotion of the physical and psychological development of the child and adolescent within the family. Major Targets of MCH Services • Women of reproductive age group (15-49 yr) • Pregnant women • Children < 15yr • Children <5yr • Children <1yr Major component of MCH services Provision of quality ANC, delivery care, PNC, and FP services Prevention of STIs/HIV/AIDS Immunization Growth monitoring Well baby clinic Sick baby clinic Nutrition Rehabilitation Clinic (NRC) Philosophy Pregnancy, labor and delivery and puerperiu

Community Assessment Status Structure Process Types of Community Assessment Community Diagnosis A process by which the nurse collects data about the community in order to identify factors which may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population, to formulate a community health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement community health nursing interventions and strategies. 2 Types: Comprehensive Community Diagnosis Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis aims to obtain general information about the community type of assessment responds to a particular need     Steps:     Preparatory Phase site selection preparation of the community statement of the objectives determine the data to be collected identify methods and instruments for data collection finalize sampling design and methods make a timetable Implementation Phase data collection data organization/collation data pres

Community Assessment Status Structure Process Types of Community Assessment Community Diagnosis A process by which the nurse collects data about the community in order to identify factors which may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population, to formulate a community health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement community health nursing interventions and strategies. 2 Types: Comprehensive Community Diagnosis Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis aims to obtain general information about the community type of assessment responds to a particular need     Steps:     Preparatory Phase site selection preparation of the community statement of the objectives determine the data to be collected identify methods and instruments for data collection finalize sampling design and methods make a timetable Implementation Phase data collection data organization/collation data pres

The nursing process is a systematic way of determining a client health status, isolating health concern and problems, developing the plans to remediate them, initiating actions to implement the plan, and finally evaluating the adequacy of the plan in promoting wellness and problem resolution. The nursing process defines interactions and interventions with the client system, whether that system is an individual, a family, an integrate or a community. The nursing process commonly consists of five phases: Community assessment; Community diagnosis; Planning; Implementation and; Evaluation. It is employed to respond and address the health needs of the community when the community is the client. The community as a client refers to the broader concept of wide community as people for the nursing services in focus. Community as a Client For community health nurses, working with communities has two important missions: The community directly influences the heal

The nursing process is a systematic way of determining a client health status, isolating health concern and problems, developing the plans to remediate them, initiating actions to implement the plan, and finally evaluating the adequacy of the plan in promoting wellness and problem resolution. The nursing process defines interactions and interventions with the client system, whether that system is an individual, a family, an integrate or a community. The nursing process commonly consists of five phases: Community assessment; Community diagnosis; Planning; Implementation and; Evaluation. It is employed to respond and address the health needs of the community when the community is the client. The community as a client refers to the broader concept of wide community as people for the nursing services in focus. Community as a Client For community health nurses, working with communities has two important missions: The community directly influences the heal

PHC defined as: essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self reliance and self– determination. it forms an integral part of the country’s health system and the over all social and economic development of the country. it is the first level of contact of individuals the family and the community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work. The New approach of PHC (Alma-Ata, Kazakiston international conference on PHC, 1978) It was declared that PHC is the key to the attainment by all people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to head socially and economically productive life.  Overview

Seven major roles are: Clinician Educator Advocate Managerial Collaborator Leader Researcher The most familiar community health nurse role is that of clinician or provider of care. However, giving nursing care takes on new meaning in the context of community health. A. Clinician role /direct care provider The clinician role in the community health means that the nurse ensures that health services are provided, not just to individuals and families but also to groups and population. For community health nurses the clinician role involves certain emphasis different from basic nursing, i.e. – Holism, health promotion, and skill expansion. Holism: In community health, however, a holistic approach means considering the broad range of interacting needs that affect the collective health of the client as a larger system. The client is a composite of people whose relationships and interactions with each other must be considered in totality.

Seven major roles are: Clinician Educator Advocate Managerial Collaborator Leader Researcher The most familiar community health nurse role is that of clinician or provider of care. However, giving nursing care takes on new meaning in the context of community health. A. Clinician role /direct care provider The clinician role in the community health means that the nurse ensures that health services are provided, not just to individuals and families but also to groups and population. For community health nurses the clinician role involves certain emphasis different from basic nursing, i.e. – Holism, health promotion, and skill expansion. Holism: In community health, however, a holistic approach means considering the broad range of interacting needs that affect the collective health of the client as a larger system. The client is a composite of people whose relationships and interactions with each other must be considered in totality.

Before one can fully grasp the nature of community health or define its practice, it is helpful to understand the roots and influencing factors that shaped its growth over time. Community health nursing is the product of centuries of responsiveness and growth. Its practice was adapted to accommodate the needs of a changing society, yet it has always maintained its initial goal of improved community health. Community health nursing development has been influenced by changes in nursing, public health and society that is traced through several stages. In tracing the development of public health nursing, now it is clear that leadership role has been evident throughout its history. Nurses in this specialty have provided leadership in:  planning and developing programs; shaping policy; administration; and the application of research to the community health. Four general stages mark the development of public health or community health nursing. The early home care stage

The term “Health care delivery system” is often used to describe the way in which health care is furnished to the people. Classification of health care delivery system is by acuity of the client’s illnesses and level of specialization of the professionals. Primary care level Secondary care level Tertiary care level Primary care level: is the usual entry point for clients of the health care delivery system. It is oriented towards the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention of disease, the management of common episodic disease and the monitoring of stable or chronic conditions. Primary care ordinarily occurs, in ambulatory settings. The client or the family manages treatment with health professionals providing diagnostic expertise and guidance. Secondary care level: It involves the provision of specialized medical services by physician or a hospital on a referral by the primary care provider. A patient has developed a recognizable sign and sympto

Introduction Broadly defined, a community is a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interest or characteristics gives them a sense of unity and belonging. -     A community is a group of people in defined geographical area with common goal and objective and the potential for interacting with one another (Dryer’s den). The function of any community includes its members’ sense of belonging and shared identity, values, norms, communication, and supporting behaviors. Some communities who may share almost everything, while other communities (large, scattered and composed of individuals) who may share only there common interests and involvement in certain goals. A community is often defined by its geographic boundaries and thus called a geographic community. Example, a city, town or neighborhood is a geographic community. A community demarcated by geographic boundaries becomes a clear target for analysis of health needs to form ba