Community Assessment in Nursing
Community Assessment
Status
Structure
Process
Types of Community Assessment
Community Diagnosis
A process by which the nurse collects data about the community in order to identify factors which may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population, to formulate a community health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement community health nursing interventions and strategies.
2 Types:
Comprehensive Community Diagnosis
Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis
aims to obtain general information about the community
type of assessment responds to a particular need
Steps:
Preparatory Phase
site selection
preparation of the community
statement of the objectives
determine the data to be collected
identify methods and instruments for data collection
finalize sampling design and methods
make a timetable
Implementation Phase
data collection
data organization/collation
data presentation
data analysis
identification of health problems
prioritization of health problems
development of a health plan
validation and feedback
Evaluation Phase
Biostatistics
DEMOGRAPHY – study of population size, composition and spatial distribution as affected by births, deaths and migration.
Sources: Census – complete enumeration of the population
2 Ways of Assigning People
De Jure – People were assigned to the place where assigned to the place they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of census.
De Facto – People were assigned to the place where they are physically present at are at the time of census regardless, of their usual place of residence.
Components
Population size
Population composition
Age Distribution
Sex Ratio
Population Pyramid
Median age – age below which 50% of the population falls and above which 50% of the population falls. The lower the median age, the younger the population (high fertility, high death rates).
Age – Dependency Ratio – used as an index of age-induced economic drain on human resources
Other characteristics:
occupational groups
economic groups
educational attainment
ethnic group
Population Distribution
Urban-Rural – shows the proportion of people living in urban compared to the rural areas
Crowding Index – indicates the ease by which a communicable disease can be transmitted from 1 host to another susceptible host.
Population Density – determines congestion of the place
Vital Statistics
The application of statistical measures to vital events (births, deaths and common illnesses) that is utilized to gauge the levels of health, illness and health services of a community.
Types of Vital Statistics
Fertility Rate
1. Crude Birth Rate
Total # of livebirths in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same given year
2. General Fertility Rate
Total # of livebirths in a given calendar year X 1000
Total number of reproductive age
Mortality Rate
1. Crude Death Rate
_Total # of death in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
2. Infant Mortality Rate
Total # of death below 1 yr in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
3. Maternal Mortality Rate
Total # of death among all maternal cases in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
Morbidity Rate
1. Prevalence Rate
Total # of new & old cases in a given calendar year X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
2. Incidence Rate
Total # of new cases in a given calendar year X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
3. Attack Rate
Total # of person who are exposed to the disease X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
Epidemiology
the study of distribution of disease or physiologic condition among human population s and the factors affecting such distribution
the study of the occurrence and distribution of health conditions such as disease, death, deformities or disabilities on human populations
1. Patterns of disease occurrence
Epidemic
A situation when there is a high incidence of new cases of a specific disease in excess of the expected.
when the proportion of the susceptible are high compared to the proportion of the immunes
Epidemic potential
an area becomes vulnerable to a disease upsurge due to causal factors such as climatic changes, ecologic changes, or socio-economic changes
Endemic
habitual presence of a disease in a given geographic location accounting for the low number of both immunes and susceptibles.E.g. Malaria is a disease endemic at Palawan.
The causative factor of the disease is constantly available or present to the area.
Sporadic
disease occurs every now and then affecting only a small number of people relative to the total population
intermittent
Pandemic
global occurrence of a disease
Steps in Epidemiological Investigation:
Establish fact of presence of epidemic
Establish time and space relationship of the disease
Relate to characteristics of the group in the community
Correlate all data obtained
2. Role of the Nurse
Case Finding
Health Teaching
Counseling
Follow up visit
Status
Structure
Process
Types of Community Assessment
Community Diagnosis
A process by which the nurse collects data about the community in order to identify factors which may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population, to formulate a community health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement community health nursing interventions and strategies.
2 Types:
Comprehensive Community Diagnosis
Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis
aims to obtain general information about the community
type of assessment responds to a particular need
Steps:
Preparatory Phase
site selection
preparation of the community
statement of the objectives
determine the data to be collected
identify methods and instruments for data collection
finalize sampling design and methods
make a timetable
Implementation Phase
data collection
data organization/collation
data presentation
data analysis
identification of health problems
prioritization of health problems
development of a health plan
validation and feedback
Evaluation Phase
Biostatistics
DEMOGRAPHY – study of population size, composition and spatial distribution as affected by births, deaths and migration.
Sources: Census – complete enumeration of the population
2 Ways of Assigning People
De Jure – People were assigned to the place where assigned to the place they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of census.
De Facto – People were assigned to the place where they are physically present at are at the time of census regardless, of their usual place of residence.
Components
Population size
Population composition
Age Distribution
Sex Ratio
Population Pyramid
Median age – age below which 50% of the population falls and above which 50% of the population falls. The lower the median age, the younger the population (high fertility, high death rates).
Age – Dependency Ratio – used as an index of age-induced economic drain on human resources
Other characteristics:
occupational groups
economic groups
educational attainment
ethnic group
Population Distribution
Urban-Rural – shows the proportion of people living in urban compared to the rural areas
Crowding Index – indicates the ease by which a communicable disease can be transmitted from 1 host to another susceptible host.
Population Density – determines congestion of the place
Vital Statistics
The application of statistical measures to vital events (births, deaths and common illnesses) that is utilized to gauge the levels of health, illness and health services of a community.
Types of Vital Statistics
Fertility Rate
1. Crude Birth Rate
Total # of livebirths in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same given year
2. General Fertility Rate
Total # of livebirths in a given calendar year X 1000
Total number of reproductive age
Mortality Rate
1. Crude Death Rate
_Total # of death in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
2. Infant Mortality Rate
Total # of death below 1 yr in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
3. Maternal Mortality Rate
Total # of death among all maternal cases in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
Morbidity Rate
1. Prevalence Rate
Total # of new & old cases in a given calendar year X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
2. Incidence Rate
Total # of new cases in a given calendar year X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
3. Attack Rate
Total # of person who are exposed to the disease X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
Epidemiology
the study of distribution of disease or physiologic condition among human population s and the factors affecting such distribution
the study of the occurrence and distribution of health conditions such as disease, death, deformities or disabilities on human populations
1. Patterns of disease occurrence
Epidemic
A situation when there is a high incidence of new cases of a specific disease in excess of the expected.
when the proportion of the susceptible are high compared to the proportion of the immunes
Epidemic potential
an area becomes vulnerable to a disease upsurge due to causal factors such as climatic changes, ecologic changes, or socio-economic changes
Endemic
habitual presence of a disease in a given geographic location accounting for the low number of both immunes and susceptibles.E.g. Malaria is a disease endemic at Palawan.
The causative factor of the disease is constantly available or present to the area.
Sporadic
disease occurs every now and then affecting only a small number of people relative to the total population
intermittent
Pandemic
global occurrence of a disease
Steps in Epidemiological Investigation:
Establish fact of presence of epidemic
Establish time and space relationship of the disease
Relate to characteristics of the group in the community
Correlate all data obtained
2. Role of the Nurse
Case Finding
Health Teaching
Counseling
Follow up visit
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