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ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)

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MENTAL RETARDATION

  MENTAL RETARDATION   INTRODUCTION In each country approximately 1% of the population have mental retardation. Mental Retardation is a disability, which starts before adulthood, and has a lasting effect on development producing: Reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning) due to Reduced ability to understand new information and to learn new skills (impaired intelligence).   The essential features of mental retardation are a significantly sub-average general intellectual function, accompanied by significant deficits in social functioning in areas such as social skills, communication and in addition difficulties in attaining personal independence and social responsibility. The onset of mental retardation must be before the age of 18 years. .          CAUSES OF MENTAL RETARDATION Causes of mental retardation are grouped into two, genetic and environmental categories. Ø   Problems with brain development intra uterine which may be cause
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MANIA

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  Christabel Kabindama aged 23 yeras is brought to the psychiatric hospital amidst talking and shouting on top of her voice non-stop. She is accompanied by Mwaka Ng'ambi who said she is also unable to sleep and claims she owns Livingstone College of Nursing and have supper powers. After examinations a diagnosis of mania is made. DEFINE MANIA Mania is a mental condition with distinct period during which mood is abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable. STATE THE PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO MANIA There is no specific known cause for mania. However, the predisposing factors are biopsychosocial in nature and includes the following: Biological factors Genetics. Mania is hereditary in nature. First degree relatives with these disorders are more likely to develop the mood disorder than people in the general population. Biochemistry. Research have shown that those with mania have too much of serotonin and epinephrine. Social factors Stressful life events, lack of social
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