NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  ACUTE RENAL FAILURE a) Define acute renal failure 5% It is a sudden decline in renal function due to kidney damage Characterized azotemia b) Causes of acute renal failure (i). Prerenal causes 10% Extra renal causes or disorders cause inadequate renal perfusion as a result cardiac out put and vascular volume is decreased. Some of the causes are Haemorrhage, shock, and cardiac failure, severe dehydration in burns, occlusion of renal artery by a thrombus or abdominal mass. (ii). Intrarenial causes 10% This is a disorder in which there is kidney irritation and destruction of the nephrone. It occurs in conditions like gromerular nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, acute pyelonephritis, chemical biological products and infections.  (iii). Post renal causes 5% These include condition which obstructs the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder and to the exterior. Some of the conditions are neoplasms, calculi, prostatic hypertrophy and pregnancy. C) STATE THREE INVESTIGATIONS (1...

 EMERGENCY PRE-OPERATIVE CARE OF A PATIENT UNDERGOING SURGERY AIMS: 1.TO RESUSCITATE THE PATIENT             2.TO PREPARE THE PATIENT AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE FOR EMMEGENCY SURGERY NB. This is an emergency therefore; the patient will be prepared for surgery as quickly as possible. ASSESSMENT/ RESUSCITATION Immediately the patient is received on the ward a quick history taking of the incidence is taken in order to ascertain the cause. The care taker is asked whether the patient has taken anything by mouth and instructions are given not to give anything per oral before surgery. If the client took something, an NGT is inserted in order to aspirate the gastric content thereby, preventing the patient from aspirating intra operatively.  AIRWAY The airway is assessed for patency, by noting if there are any secretions in the mouth and nose. If the airway is not patent, suctioning is done in order to clear the airway. The patient is positioned in latent position...

  Case Management in Mental Health Care Definition and Purpose of Case Management Case management is a structured system of interventions designed to support mentally ill clients as they live within the community. This approach integrates multiple services and resources to ensure that individuals receive the necessary care to manage their conditions effectively. The major components of case management include: Psychosocial rehabilitation Consultation Resource linkage (referral) Advocacy Therapy Crisis intervention Clients are actively involved in their assessment, planning, and evaluation of care, which ensures that treatment goals align with their needs and preferences. The primary aim is to enable clients to function successfully in the community while avoiding relapse and promoting independence. The success of case management is measured through client satisfaction, improved coping skills, and the effective use of mental health services. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Psychosocial ...

  Standards of Practice for Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing The Standards of Practice for Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing outline the responsibilities and approaches that psychiatric-mental health nurses must follow in order to provide safe, effective, and holistic care to individuals with mental health issues. Here's an expanded explanation of each standard: STANDARD 1: ASSESSMENT The first step in psychiatric-mental health nursing is to gather comprehensive health data from the healthcare consumer (the patient). This involves not only collecting physical health information but also understanding the psychological, social, and cultural factors that may influence the person’s mental health. This data could include interviews, observations, screening tools, medical history, family history, and any relevant psychological tests. The goal is to get a complete picture of the healthcare consumer’s mental health and well-being. STANDARD 2: DIAGNOSIS After gathering all relevant dat...

 ARVs DRUG CLASSES Here are detailed notes on ARV drug classes, their side effects, and Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) models for treatment and care: ARV Drugs: Classes and Side Effects Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are used to manage HIV/AIDS by reducing the viral load and preventing disease progression. They are classified into several classes based on their mechanism of action. Classes of ARV Drugs Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs): Examples: Zidovudine (AZT), Lamivudine (3TC), Tenofovir (TDF), Emtricitabine (FTC). Mechanism: Inhibits reverse transcriptase by incorporating faulty nucleotides, halting viral replication. Side Effects: Anemia, lactic acidosis, lipodystrophy, nephrotoxicity (e.g., TDF), nausea, and headache. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): Examples: Efavirenz (EFV), Nevirapine (NVP), Etravirine (ETR). Mechanism: Binds directly to reverse transcriptase, causing conformational changes that prevent its a...

  CONCEPT OF NORMAL & ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR Introduction What is Behaviour? Behaviour refers to the manner in which a person acts or conducts themselves, especially in response to situations or stimuli. It can be evaluated based on conformity to societal standards, norms, and expectations. Types of Behaviour Normal Behaviour : Normal behaviour is perceived as natural, routine, or regular. It aligns with societal expectations and is often associated with positive and functional actions. Abnormal Behaviour : Abnormal behaviour refers to activities or actions that deviate from societal norms. These behaviours are often considered undesirable, uncommon, or indicative of issues ranging from birth defects to mental illnesses. Characteristics of Normal Behaviour Marie Jahoda (1958) outlined six characteristics that define mental health and normal behaviour: Efficient self-perception Realistic self-esteem and acceptance Voluntary control of behaviour True perception of the world Sustainin...