NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  ACUTE RENAL FAILURE* *Definition* => Acute Renal Failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in nitrogenous wastes accumulating in the blood. *ETIOLOGY* *Pre_renal* _ problem affecting the flow of blood before it reaches the kidneys 1. Dehydration_ vomiting , diarrhea, water pills or blood loss 2. Disruption of blood flow to the kidneys * Major surgery with blood loss, severe injury or burns or infection in the bloodstream . * Blockage or narrowing of a blood vessels carrying blood to the kidneys * Heart failure or heart attacks causing low blood flow. * Liver failure causing changes in hormones that affect blood flow and pressure to the kidneys *Post_renal* _ problem affecting the movement of urine out of the kidneys . a. Kidney stone : usually only on one side b. Cancer of the urinary tract organs or structures near the urinary tract that may obstruct the outflow of urine c. Medication d. Bladder stone . e. Benign prostate Hyperplasia ( the most common cause in

  NEONATAL JAUNDICE Introduction Jaundice is the most common condition that requires medical attention in newborns. Yellowish coloration of the skin and sclera in newborns with jaundice is as a result of accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin. In most infants, unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia reflects a normal transitional phenomenon. However, in some infants, serum bilirubin levels may excessively rise, which can cause for concern because unconjugated bilirubin is neurotoxic and lead to death in newborns and lifelong neurologic disorders in infants who survive kernictrus. Therefore, it is for these reasons that we need to study and understand neonatal jaundice for us to offer proper Nursing care. Definition 1. Neonatal jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant. A bilirubin level of more than 85 umol/l (5 mg/dl) manifests clinical jaundice in neonates (Leifer, 2003). 2. Neonatal jaundice is a condition that results from deposits of bilir

  BONE(FRACTURE)HEALING PROCESS*** √It has 6 phases 1.Hematoma formation 2.Granulation Tissue formation. 3.Callus formation 4.Ossification 5.Consolidation 6.Remodelling. 1.HEMATOMA FORMATION** √Following a fracture,,There is injury to the surrounding tissue by the broken bones. √The blood accumulates and become solid and this is what is called a Hematoma. 2.GRANULATION TISSUE FORMATION** √During this stage,The formed hematoma changes into a new tissue called granulation tissue √Granulation tissue contains new blood vessels,fibroblasts,and Osteoblasts. √ A new bone called Oesteoid is eventually formed. 3.CALLUS FORMATION** √After the Osteoid is formed,minerals are deposited in it forming a bone called Callus. √Callus rounds the fracture site. √It contains cartilage,oesteoblasts,calcium and phosphorus. 4.OSSIFICATION** √Ossification is bone formation or growth. √After callus formation,bone formation continues until fracture has healed. √The bone is sufficient to prevent any movements at

  TYPES OF VACCINE Live-attenuated vaccines Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease. Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes. But live vaccines also have some limitations. For example: 📌 Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some people should talk to their health care provider before receiving them, such as people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who’ve had an organ transplant. 📌 They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they can’t be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators. Live vaccines are used to protect against: 👉 Measles 👉 Mumps 👉 Rotavirus 👉 Smallpox 👉 Chickenpox 👉 Yellow fever Inactivated vaccines Inactivated vac

  National Guidelines on Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment* 1. All suspected case i.e patient presenting with fever must have parasitology test done (mRDT or microscopy) 2. Only confirm cases of malaria should be treated with ACTs to avoid resistance. 3. Assessment is either i) uncomplicated malaria or ii) severe malaria. 4. *Uncomplicated malaria* is fever, joint pain, headache, etc. PLUSE positive parasitology test. 5. *Severe malaria* is all of the above PLUS any of the following; loss of consciousness, multiple convulsion, severe anaemia, severe dehydration, hyperthermia, hyperparasitamia, haemoglobinuria, hypoglycaemia, prostration, etc. 6. National Guidelines recommends AL (first line) or AA for Uncomplicated malaria. 7. AL is prescribed as follows; stat, second dose 8hrs after first dose, third dose 24hrs after first dose, then 12hrly up to 3/7. AA is given once daily for 3 consecutive days. 8. Severe malaria is treated with IV artesunate 3mg/kg for patient < or = 20kg or 2.4

  Electroconvulsive therapy or the shock treatment is used to treat depression in clients who do not respond to antidepressants or those patients who have intolerable adverse reactions at administered therapeutic doses. Despite the controversy about the therapy, it is proven to be effective for certain patients. Many depressed (major) clients, particularly those with psychotic symptoms, don’t respond to medications but do respond to ECT. Indications Nowadays, ECT is not only used for major depression, but also for the treatment of: mania (in bipolar disorder) catatonia quick relief for self-destructive behavior (suicide attempts) ECT may only be indicated for the treatment of severely depressed clients that needs fast relief. Suicidal clients may be given ECT. Giving antidepressant medication may take weeks before the full effects to occur. That is an enough time for a self-destructive client to harm himself. Can pregnant women undergo ECT? Pregnant clients can also undergo an electroc

  PRENATAL PERIOD; by Jones H.M-MBA Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization, the first stage in embryogenesis which continues in fetal development until birth. Gravidity Gravida refers to a pregnant woman Gravidity refers to the number of pregnancies A nulligravida is a woman who has never been pregnant A primigravida is a woman who is pregnant for the first time A multigravida is a woman in at least her second pregnancy Parity Parity is the number of births (not the number of fetuses, e.g., twins) carried past 20 weeks of gestation, whether or not the fetus was born alive A nullipara is a woman who has not had a birth at more than 20 weeks of gestation A primipara is a woman who has had 1 birth that occurred after the twentieth week of gestation A multipara is a woman who has had 2 or more pregnancies to the stage of fetal viability True Labor Contractions occur regularly, become s