ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

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 ACUTE RENAL FAILURE*

*Definition*
=> Acute Renal Failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in nitrogenous wastes accumulating in the blood.

*ETIOLOGY*

*Pre_renal*
_ problem affecting the flow of blood before it reaches the kidneys
1. Dehydration_ vomiting , diarrhea, water pills or blood loss
2. Disruption of blood flow to the kidneys
* Major surgery with blood loss, severe injury or burns or infection in the bloodstream .
* Blockage or narrowing of a blood vessels carrying blood to the kidneys
* Heart failure or heart attacks causing low blood flow.
* Liver failure causing changes in hormones that affect blood flow and pressure to the kidneys

*Post_renal*
_ problem affecting the movement of urine out of the kidneys .
a. Kidney stone : usually only on one side
b. Cancer of the urinary tract organs or structures near the urinary tract that may obstruct the outflow of urine
c. Medication
d. Bladder stone .
e. Benign prostate Hyperplasia ( the most common cause in men)
f. Blood clot
g. Bladder cancer

*Renal damage*
_ Renal problems with the kidneys itself that prevent proper filtration of blood or production of urine ( 25_40%)
_ Blood vessels disease
_ Blood clot in a vessels in the kidneys
_ injury to kidney tissue and cells

*Glomerulonephritis*
E.g streptococcal bacteria infections may damage the glomeruli

*Acute Interstitial nephritis*
1. Medications such as antibiotics, anti_ inflammatory medications ( for e.g aspirin, brufen) and water pills
2. Infections and immune-related disease such as lupus, leukemia, lymphoma, and sarcoidosis

*Acute tubular necrosis*
_ causes include shock ( decrease blood supply to the kidneys), drugs ( esp antibiotics) and chemotherapy agents, toxins and poisons , drug used in certain kinds of X-RAY..
_ Accident, injuries
_ complication from surgeries ( e.g Heart - bypass surgery)
_ polycystic kidney
_ produce less erythropoietin

*Treatment that help prevent complication include*
_ Treatment to balance the amount of fluids in your blood .
_ Medications to control blood potassium.
_ Medications to restore blood calcium level
_ Dialysis to remove toxins from your blood.

By Jones H.M- MBA

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