PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer and management theorist, is renowned for his influential theories on management. Fayol's principles of management, outlined in his book "General and Industrial Management" (1916), laid the groundwork for modern management theory. Here are Fayol's 14 principles of management:
Division of work: Work should be divided among individuals and groups to ensure that effort and attention are focused on specific tasks. This specialization increases efficiency and productivity.
Authority and responsibility: Managers must have the authority to give orders, but they must also be willing to take responsibility for the outcomes of those orders. Authority should be matched with appropriate responsibility.
Discipline: Employees must obey and respect the rules and agreements that govern the organization. Discipline ensures order and stability within the workplace.
Unity of command: Each employee should receive orders from only one supervisor. This helps prevent confusion, reduces conflicts, and ensures clarity in the chain of command.
Unity of direction: All activities within an organization should be directed towards the same objectives. This ensures coordination and alignment of efforts.
Subordination of individual interests to the general interest: The interests of the organization should take precedence over individual interests. Employees should prioritize collective goals and objectives.
Remuneration: Employees should be fairly compensated for their work, including both financial and non-financial rewards. Compensation should be equitable and commensurate with contributions.
Centralization: The degree to which decision-making authority is concentrated at the top of the organization should be determined by factors such as the organization's size, complexity, and the competence of its employees.
Scalar chain (chain of command): The formal hierarchy of authority within an organization, from the highest to the lowest levels, should be established and communicated clearly. Communication should flow along this chain.
Order: There should be an orderly arrangement of resources and activities within the organization. This includes both physical order (e.g., layout of facilities) and social order (e.g., placement of personnel).
Equity: Managers should treat employees with kindness and justice. Fairness should be evident in all dealings with employees, including rewards, discipline, and opportunities for advancement.
Stability of tenure of personnel: Organizations should strive to retain employees for an appropriate duration to avoid disruptions and ensure continuity. High turnover can be detrimental to productivity and morale.
Initiative: Employees should be encouraged to take initiative and exercise creativity in their work. Managers should provide opportunities for employees to contribute ideas and innovations.
Esprit de corps (unity of morale): Team spirit and a sense of unity among employees contribute to a positive work environment and organizational effectiveness. Managers should foster a culture of collaboration and camaraderie.
These principles serve as a guide for managers to effectively organize and manage their resources, personnel, and activities to achieve the organization's goals. Fayol's ideas have had a lasting impact on management theory and practice, influencing generations of managers and scholars.
Most managers of organizations base their day to day running of the organizations using Henry Fayols Principles of Management. Henry Fayol known as the Father of Management came up with 14 principles of Management.
TASK- Explain any five (5) principles of management as outlined by Henry Fayol.
MARKING KEY PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
(Any 5. Give 2 Marks for each point mentioned correctly)
1. Unity of command: Workers should receive orders from only one manager.
2. Unity of direction: organizational activities must have one central authority and one plan of action.
3. Authority: Is the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. A manager has official authority because of her position as well as personal authority based on individual personality, intelligence and experience. Authority creates responsibility.
4. Equity: in organizations, equity is a combination of kindness and justice. In order to get the most out of subordinates, people in authority should be friendly and fair.
5. Scalar chain: The Top Manager possesses the most authority; the first line supervisor the least. Lower level managers should always keep upper level managers informed of their work activities.
6. Esprit de Corps (strength in unity): promotion of teamwork will give an organization a feeling of unity.
7.Division of work: division of work and specialization produces more and better work
8. Discipline: obedience and respect within an organization are absolutely essential. Good discipline requires managers to apply sanctions whenever violations.
9. Subordination of individual interest to general interest. The interests of one employee or group of employees are subordinate to interests and goals of the organization.
10. Remuneration of personnel. Salaries, the price of services rendered by employees should be fair and provide satisfaction both to the employee and employer.
11. Centralization: the objective of centralization is the best utilization of personnel. The degree of centralization differences according of the dynamics of each organization
12. Organizational order for material and personnel is essential. The right material and employees are necessary for each organizational function and activity.
13. Stability of tenure of personnel: because it takes time for a person to settle and become effective in a job, the turnover of staff should be as low as possible
14. Initiative: every employee at all levels should be allowed to carry out suggestions. Initiative is the ability to think of a plan and carry it out.
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