NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

 Daily General Knowledge MCQS* (General Science) 1. What is the body temperature of a normal man? A. 81.1oC B. 36.9oC C. 98.6oC D. 21.7oC 2. Which of the following helps in clotting of blood? A. Vitamin B1 B. Vitamin B2 C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin K 3.Total volume of blood in a normal adult human being is A. 5-6 liters★ B. 3-4 liters C. 8-10 liters D. 10-12 liters 4. Red blood corpuscles are formed in the A. Liver B. Bone marrow C. Kidneys D. Heart 5. How many bones are there in an adult human being? A. 210 B. 260 *C. 206 D. 300 6. The pancreas secretes A. Insulin B. Bile juice C. Peptic juice D. None of these 7. Tibia is a bone found in the A. Skull B. Arm C. Leg D. Face 8. The largest part of the human brain is the A. Medulla oblongata B. Cerebellum C. Cerebrum D. None of these 9. What is the main component of bones and teeth? A. Calcium carbonate B. Calcium phosphate C. Calcium sulphate D. Calcium nitrate 10. The main constituent of hemoglobin is A. Chlorine B. Iron C. Calcium D. None o

  WERNICKE’S DISEASE This is a brain disease characterised by memory, visual impairment and ataxia due to thiamine deficiency found in vitamin B 1 . It is usually associated with chronic excessive alcohol consumption it is sudden onset.    This disease was first identified by a German Neurologist and Psychiatrist called Karl Wernicke in the 19 th Century in 1881. Wernicke noted and compared the key symptoms in three patients in which one had swallowed sulfuric acid and the other two with alcoholism. He observed that these patients suffered from mental confusion, eye movement disorders and ataxia poor motor coordination. AETIOLOGY -Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) deficiency. Thiamine helps in the production of energy needed by neurons for proper functioning, production of neural transmitters and lipid (fat) metabolism. Therefore, insufficient thiamine can lead to damage or death of the brain cells (neurons). PREDISPOSING FACTORS i)                  ALCOHOLISM -         It has been

  PUEPERAL PSYCHOSIS Puerperum- is the period after giving birth up to six weeks. Puerperal psychosis - is the mental illness which occurs in a woman during the puerperum up to one year. AETIOLOGY   Hereditary Biochemical changes Chronic depression Stress CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS -         Restlessness -         Agitation -         Irritability -         Violence -         Apathetic mood -         Insomnia -         Fearfulness -         Hyperactivity -         Neglect of basic needs -         Auditory hallucinations -         Delusional mood involving pt and the baby -         Miserable mood -         Pressure of speech -         Flight of ideas -         Mutism   MANAGEMENT   NURSING CARE   v   Greet patient to ensure effective communication v   Sedate patient where need be. v   Take history and probe for past psychiatric disturbance v   Encourage patient to eat v   Carry out thorough investigations to rule out second

  PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS AND CARE OF THE ELDERLY In Americas and European countries the number of elderly people is increasingly swelling mainly due to improved living standards. In America there are over 30 million elderly people above 65 years of age. By the year 2030, this number is likely to double, so that the elderly will represent more than 20% of the United States population. The concern is not only the increase in the number of the elderly, but that those who have reached 85 years and above are also increasing and becoming more and more weak or frail, dependent, vulnerable to both chronic physical diseases and mental illnesses.    Moreover, the proportion of old – old (over 85 years) will increase 3-4 times faster than the general population. By the year 2050, 50% of the population is projected to live over 85 years. The significance of these figures to the health care provider, policy makers and health care planners is the relationship between increased age and chronic ment

  PSYCHIATRIC EMERCENCIES An in psychiatry means any event that would lead to disturbance of thought, feeling, action that may need urgent or immediate attention, remedy or treatment to be given to sufferer.   TYPES OF EMERGENCIES A)     PSYCHOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES   o    Acute depression o    Automatism/fugue state o    Violence o    Acute anxiety o    Anorexia nervosa o    Insomnia o    Migraine headache o    Paranoid state/schizophrenia o    Catatonic stupor o    Catatonic excitement o    Hyperventilation o    Suicidal attempt   B)      ORGANIC/PHYSICAL EMERGENCIES o    Stroke o    Drug intoxication o    Drug withdrawal/derilium tremens o    Alcoholic hallucinosis o    Kosakoff’s syndrome o    Hypertensive crisis o    Status epilepticus              MANAGEMENT Most of these conditions will be managed according to the presentation and causative or contributing factors.   Always consider identifying the cause and then remov

  PHOBIA This is a minor mental illness or neurotic illness in the sufferer has persistent irrational fear of specific object or stimulus or situation and recognising that it is unfounded. There are two main types of phobia, namely: A)     SOCIAL PHOBIAS This is characterised by fear of other people or social situations such as performance anxiety and fear of embarrassment of scrutiny of others. Social phobias are subdivided into: i)                  Generalised social phobia ii)                Specific social phobia in which anxiety is triggered only in specific situations. The symptoms may extend to psychosomatic manifestations of physical problems, e.g. patients of paruresis find it difficult to urinate in reduced levels of privacy. This goes far beyond mere preference when the condition triggers the person physically cannot empty the bladder. DIAGNOSIS OF SOCIAL PHOBIAS 1.      A marked and resistant fear of one or more social or performance situations in which th