ANAEMIA

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●This is a blood disorder in which there Is a reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity in blood.

* CAUSES *
1.Reduced formation of red blood cells.
2.Haemorrhage (Bleeding ).
3. Increased destruction of red blood cells.

1.REDUCED FORMATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS.
●This causes Anaemia when there is a reduction in the formation of red blood cells due to conditions like leukemia,Renal failure,Bone marrow suppression, Drugs, Diet lacking blood forming nutrients, malabsorption.Etc.

2. HAEMORRHAGE  (BLEEDING ). 
●Bleeding usually results either lack of the clotting factors or even due to trauma that may injure the blood vessels. 
●This will cause a decrease in terms blood volume.
●This is due to conditions like Haemophilia, leukemia, Trauma, Epistaxis  Etc.

3.INCREASED DESTRUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS. 
●Increase in the break down of red blood cells cause anaemia by decreasing the blood volume. 
●This is causes by conditions like septicaemia,malaria enteric fever, lack of the enzyme G6PD that maintains stability of the red blood cells,Sickle cell disease Etc.
* RISK FACTORS *
1.MALARIA.
●This causes excessive breakdown of red blood cells due to parasites feeding on red blood cells. 
2.SICKEL CELL DISEASE.
●The life span of red blood cells in sickle cells reduce to less than 30days leading to increased red blood cells breakdown.
3. LEUKEMIA 
●There is increased production of immature white blood cells that alter the production of red blood cells and cause increased bleeding tenancies. 
4. RENAL FAILURE.
●There is alterations in the production of the hormone Erythropoetin that causes reduced erythropoesis. 
5.TRAUMA.
●This causes bleeding that decreases the blood volume.
6.DIET.
● A Diet lacking blood forming agents will causes reduced blood formation. 
7.MALABSORPTION.
●The body is unable to absorb nutrients neede…
TYPES OF ANAEMIA *
1.HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA.
●This is a type of Anaemia ta occurs due the breakdown of red blood cells.
●Haemolytic derived from the word Haemolyis which means Haemo =red blood cells or Blood and lysis meaning  Breakdown. 
●This type is due to factors like malaria,enteric fever, sickle cell etc.

2.PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA.
●This type is due to lack of vitamin B12  a vitamin that aids the maturation of red blood cells. 
●Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the intestines by the help of the intrinsic factor related from the pylorus of the stomach. 
●Anything that alters the release of the intrinsic factor will cause failure to absorb vitamin B12.

3.HAEMORRHAGIC ANAEMIA.
●This type is due to bleeding. Haemorrhage causes a decrease in the blood volume 
●This ca…
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS *
●PALLOR related to reduced blood flow to the tissues. 
●HEADACHE due to cerebral hypoxia
●JOINT PAINS related to ischaemia to the joints.
●WEAKNESS related to cell deprivation of glucose 
●FATIGUE related to cerebral hypoxia.
●DYSPNEA related to reduced pulmonary blood flow.
●CYANOSIS  related to altered tissue perfusion. 
●SENSITIVITY TO COLD related to a decreased blood volume.
●TREMORS related to heart overactivity 
●TACHYCARDIA related to heart overactivity to supply organs with the available blood.

MGT**
DIAGNOSIS / INVESTIGATIONS.
1.HISTORY TAKING This may reveal a family history of anaemia or when the symptoms manifested. 
2.PHYSICAL EXAM This will show pallor and other s/s. 
3.BONE MARROW SCAN To rule our Bone marrow disorders.
4.FULL BLOOD COUNT...This will show a reduced HB count 
5.RDT/ BLOOD FOR MPS To rule out Malaria.
6.ENDOSCOPY To rule out Any Gastric conditions that may affect production of the intrinsic factor.

TREATMENT. 
1.FOLIC ACID 5mg Once daily orally  
2.FEROUS SULPHATE 200mg 8 hourly orally. 
3.BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT.
4.BLOOD TRANSFUSION according to the weight. Either whole blood or packed cells.
5.ANTI-MALARIALS...Artemether lumefantrine, Artesunate or Quinine according to severity and stage.
6.ANTIBIOTICS. Benzyl penicillin 2-4mu 6 hourly I.V with Gentamycin .
7.ANALGESIA according to severity. Paracetamol or Brustain 
8.I.V FLUIDS. Normal saline to expand the plasma.
And Dextrose for energy.

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