NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  Classification of Antipsychotic Drugs Antipsychotic drugs, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are primarily used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other conditions associated with psychosis. These drugs work by altering the activity of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, in the brain. They are broadly classified into first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics. 1. Pharmacological Classification of Antipsychotic Drugs Antipsychotic drugs can be classified into two main categories based on their mechanism of action, receptor affinity, and side effect profile: First-Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs) or Typical Antipsychotics : These drugs primarily block dopamine (D2) receptors, which alleviates the positive symptoms of psychosis but can also lead to extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs) or Atypical Antipsychotics : These drugs block both dopamine (D2) r...

  Neurotransmitters ; Schizophrenia, Depression, Delirium, Bipolar Disorder,  Role of Neurotransmitters and Their Relationship to Mental Health Conditions in Psychiatry Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another in the brain and throughout the nervous system. They play a critical role in regulating mood, cognition, behavior, and overall mental functioning. Imbalances or dysregulation in neurotransmitter systems are strongly linked to various mental health conditions. In psychiatry, understanding the role of these neurotransmitters is key to diagnosing, managing, and treating mental disorders. Key Neurotransmitters and Their Role in Mental Health 1. Dopamine (DA) Function: Dopamine is involved in reward, pleasure, motivation, and motor control. It plays a role in reinforcing behaviors and regulating emotional responses. Mental Health Conditions: Schizophrenia: Hyperactivity of dopamine, particularly in the mesoli...

  MENSTRUAL CYCLE 1. a) Definition of Menstrual Cycle (5%) The menstrual cycle refers to the regular natural process that occurs in a woman's reproductive system, preparing the body for pregnancy each month. It is a complex series of hormonal changes that facilitate the maturation and release of an egg from the ovaries, along with the preparation of the uterine lining to receive and nurture a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, the lining is shed, resulting in menstruation, and the cycle begins anew. The average menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days, though it can vary from 21 to 35 days depending on the individual. 1. b) Phases of the Ovarian Cycle (15%) The ovarian cycle is divided into three distinct phases, each playing a crucial role in the development and release of an ovum. These phases are regulated by hormones and occur within the ovaries: Follicular Phase This phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts until ovulation. It typically spans about 10 t...