NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  ACUTE ABDOMEN MARKING George Zulu aged 24 years; a football play of Real Mpezeni Football Club is admitted to your ward with a provisional diagnosis of Acute Abdomen. a)      Define Acute Abdomen.                                                                                            5% This is an acute/sudden onset of abdominal pain caused by a condition that may necessitate surgery.   b)      State five (10) other causes of Acute Abdomen. (2% for each explained)    ...

 ANTHRAX Anthrax can manifest in three different forms: cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal. Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form and occurs when the bacteria enter the body through a cut or abrasion on the skin. It typically presents as a painless, raised, and itchy sore that eventually forms a black scab. Inhalational anthrax occurs when the bacteria are inhaled, usually through the inhalation of spores. This form is the most severe and can be fatal if not treated promptly. Gastrointestinal anthrax is rare and occurs when contaminated meat is consumed, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Diagnosing anthrax involves laboratory tests, such as culturing the bacteria from a sample taken from the affected area or blood. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, or penicillin, depending on the susceptibility of the strain. Early treatment is crucial for a successful outcome. Prevention...

Anthrax   Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium   Bacillus anthracis . It occurs naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals around the world.   People can get sick with anthrax if they come in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products . Symptoms The symptoms of anthrax vary depending on the route of entry of bacterial spores. There are four common routes: Cutaneous Anthrax : Infection through a cut or sore on the skin. Raised, itchy bump developing into a painless sore with a black center. Swollen lymph nodes. Fever. Gastrointestinal Anthrax : Infection due to consumption of undercooked meat of an infected animal. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache. Loss of appetite, fever. Severe, bloody diarrhea in later stages. Swollen neck. Inhalation (Pulmonary) Anthrax : Infection develops when anthrax spores are breathed in. Sore throat, mild fever, fatigue, muscle aches. Chest discomfort, shortness of brea...

ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT; P.O.L.C   The elements of management typically refer to the fundamental components or functions that make up the managerial process in an organization. The traditional elements of management are often categorized into the following: Planning: This involves setting objectives, determining actions to achieve those objectives, and making decisions on the allocation of resources. Organizing: This involves designing the structure of the organization and arranging resources to implement the plans. It includes tasks such as creating job roles, establishing reporting relationships, and allocating responsibilities. Staffing: This element involves recruiting, training, and developing the right people for the right jobs. It also includes activities such as performance appraisal and compensation management. Directing or Leading: This is about guiding and motivating employees to achieve organizational goals. It includes communication, leadership, motivation, and supe...

  UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC Antipsychotic medications, also known as neuroleptics, are commonly used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and certain types of depression. While these medications can be effective in managing symptoms, they can also have undesirable side effects. Here are some of the common undesirable effects of antipsychotic medications: Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS): Akathisia: Restlessness and an inability to sit still. Dystonia: Involuntary muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures. Tardive Dyskinesia: Involuntary, repetitive movements, often involving the face and tongue. Metabolic Effects: Weight Gain: Some antipsychotics are associated with significant weight gain. Dyslipidemia: Changes in lipid profile, increasing the risk of cardiovascular issues. Insulin Resistance: Impaired glucose metabolism and an increased risk of diabetes. Cardiovascular Effects: Orthostatic Hypotension: ...