NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

AMPUTATION  (i)  Draw and lable the femur:       N.B Check diagram in Wilson and Ross page 390, Figure 15.38.        (12%.) 5 Indications of Amputation: Infection such as gangrene Vascular disease (peripheral) Trauma crushing injuries Burns (electric) Congenital deformities Chronic osteomyelitis Identify and explain 4 investigations  (12%) X-ray of the bone - to confirm diagnosis Serum alkaline phosphate - will be elevated Bone scan - to detect extent of cancer Chest x-ray - to eliminate metastasis Renal and liver function test to check effect on these organs Bone biopsy - to confirm the diagnosis after identifying cancer cells. DISCUSS THE POST OP CARE THE FIRST 72 HOURS; (50%) Objectives (2%) To prevent complications e.g. pain, haemorrhage To maintain psychological stability Breathing: Ensure patent airway by good positioning Patient lies flat on the bed with no pillows Recumbent position with head tilted on one side (Give  3%) Ob...

  HOOKWORMS (ANCLYOSTOMIASIS) Hookworm disease is a common helminth infection that is predominantly caused by Necator Americanus(predominant US species) and Ancylostoma duodenaleThe worms have a flexed necks forming a hook-like appearance hence the name.Infestation with these worms cause a condition known as ancylostomiasis and a type of anaemia previously referred to as miner’s anaemia The hookworm is a parasitic nematode worm that lives in the small intestine of its host, human.Hook worm disease is also called uncinariasis Hookworm is a leading cause of maternal and child morbidity in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. *CAUSES* Two species of hookworms commonly infect humans, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Necator americanus predominates in the America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China, and Indonesia. Ancylostoma duodenale predominates in the Middle East, North Africa, India and (formerly) in southern Europe. Ankylostomiasis, alternat...

THREE LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT. Administrative, Managerial, or Top Level of Management This level of management consists of an organization’s board of directors and the chief executive or managing director. It is the ultimate source of power and authority, since it oversees the goals, policies, and procedures of a company. Their main priority is on the strategic planning and execution of the overall business success. The roles and responsibilities of the top level of management can be summarized as follows: Laying down the objectives and broad policies of the business enterprise. Issuing necessary instructions for the preparation of department-specific budgets, schedules, procedures, etc. Preparing strategic plans and policies for the organization. Appointing the executives for middle-level management, i.e. departmental managers. Establishing controls of all organizational departments. Since it consists of the Board of Directors, the top management level is also responsible for communicat...

BRONCHITIS Bronchitis is an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated and inflamed. The main airways branch off on either side of your windpipe (trachea). They lead to smaller and smaller airways inside your lungs called bronchioles. The walls of the main airways produce mucus to trap dust and other particles that could otherwise cause irritation. Most cases of bronchitis happen when an infection irritates and inflames the airways, causing them to produce more mucus than usual. Your body tries to shift this extra mucus through coughing. Bronchitis can be described as being either acute bronchitis or chronic bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is temporary inflammation of the airways that causes a cough and mucus. It lasts up to 3 weeks. It can affect people of all ages, but mostly happens in children under the age of 5. It's more common in winter and often comes on after a common cold, sore throat or the flu. Chronic bronchitis is a daily produ...

ASCARIASIS Daniel Mpandashulu a 7 year old boy is brought to the O.P.D with history of passing a worm at home. a) State five signs and symptoms that Daniel will present with other than the one mentioned in the stem of the question 15% b) Mention five tests that will be done in order to arrive at the diagnosis 10% c) With the aid of a diagram describe the life cycle of ascarias lumbricoide 30% d) Mention three (3) drugs that are used in the treatment of ascariasis , indicating the generic and brand name, mode of action, dose, route, one specific side effect and nursing implications 27% e) State six (6) points you are going to include in you I.E.C in order to reduce the incidence of Ascariasis in the community 18% a) State five signs and ...