NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  DIARRHOEA Definitions 1. It is the passage of more than 300g per day of loose Stool (Parveen Kumar, 1992). 2. Passage of loose stool more than 3 times a day (Joan Llewellyn, 1986) 3. Three or more loose or watery stools in a 24hrs period (ITG, 200).   ASSESSMENT Ask all the children about diarrhea. If the caretaker’s answer is NO, you do not need to assess the child further about diarrhea. If YES, continue assessing for dehydration, persistent diarrhea and dysentery. Ask for how long? Diarrhea that last for 14 days or more is persistent diarrhea. Diarrhea that has blood in it is dysentery. CAUSES OF DIARRHOEA Infection of the Gut ; viruses, bacterials, amoeba and girdia can all cause infections which can damage the wall of the gut and prevent proper digestion and absorption of food. Malnutrition: it weakens the gut wall, so the food cannot be digested, but passes out as stool. Osmotic Diarrhea : the patient could have ingested a non-absorbable substance like La

  ASTHMA Q. Mrs. Mangelepa who married to a police officer is a well known Asthmatic patient. She was admitted to your ward in a severe asthmatic attack after spraying her garden with a chemical. a. Define asthma. b. After a thorough assessment you discover that the patient has severe asthmatic attack. List five (5) clinical features that Mrs. Mangelepa will present with to show that she has severe asthmatic attack. c. Describe the management of Mrs. Mangelepa from admission to the hospital up to her discharge. d. Definitely Mrs. Mangelepa will receive a bronchial-dilator through a nebulizer, explain how you will assist the patient to use the nebulizer and state your role as a nurse. e. State 5 (five) points you would include in your IEC to Mrs. Mangelepa. ANSWERS A. Definition of Asthma: Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the airways which is characterized by bronchospasms, severe dyspnoea, wheezing, chest tightness and expiratory exertion. B. Clinical features of s

  PHARMACOLOGY. Pharmacology is a branch of science that deal with the study of drugs, its Actions, Dosage, Forms, Route, Strength, Indication, Contra-Indications, Side-Effects, Chemical Name & Trade Name. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 1- Analgesics. 2- Antibiotics. 3- Antihypertensive(Vasodilators). 4- Antihistamines. 5- Antifungals. 6- Antidiarrheal. 7- Anti rabies. 8- Anticoagulants. 9- Antacids. 10- Anti Pyretics(Non-narcotics). 11- Antimalarials. 12- Anti Emetics. 13- Antiinflammatory(Narcotics). 14- Anti Diuretics. 15- Anticonvulsant. 16- Anti Flarialsis. 17- Antispasmodics. 18- Antidiabetic mellitus. 19- Anti Helmentics. 20- Anesthetic Agents. 21- Broncho Dilators. 22- Disinfectant. 23- Expectorants. 24- Intravenous fluids. 25- Opthalmic Agents. 26- Seddetive. 27- Supportives..., No:1}- ANALGESICS :- They are group of drugs that are use to Kill or Relief pain in the body. They are also use to Calm or Stimulate the body temperature. Examples ;- 1- Acetaminophen. 2- Aceclofenac. 7-

  PHYSIOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION By Jones H.M Lactation  is the process by which milk is synthesized and secreted from the mammary glands of the postpartum female breast in response to an infant sucking at the nipple. Breast milk provides ideal nutrition and passive immunity for the infant, encourages mild uterine contractions to return the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size (i.e., involution), and induces a substantial metabolic increase in the mother, consuming the fat reserves stored during pregnancy. Structure of the Lactating Breast Mammary glands are modified sweat glands. The non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast is composed primarily of adipose and collagenous tissue, with mammary glands making up a very minor proportion of breast volume. The mammary gland is composed of milk-transporting lactiferous ducts, which expand and branch extensively during pregnancy in response to estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin. Moreover, in response to progesterone, c