NURSING TOOL BOX SERIES

  PHYSIOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION By Jones H.M Lactation  is the process by which milk is synthesized and secreted from the mammary glands of the postpartum female breast in response to an infant sucking at the nipple. Breast milk provides ideal nutrition and passive immunity for the infant, encourages mild uterine contractions to return the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size (i.e., involution), and induces a substantial metabolic increase in the mother, consuming the fat reserves stored during pregnancy. Structure of the Lactating Breast Mammary glands are modified sweat glands. The non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast is composed primarily of adipose and collagenous tissue, with mammary glands making up a very minor proportion of breast volume. The mammary gland is composed of milk-transporting lactiferous ducts, which expand and branch extensively during pregnancy in response to estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin. Moreover, in response to progesterone, c

  DOWN'S SYNDROME 1. DEFINITION 2. TYPES OF DOWNS SYNDROME 3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 3. CAUSES 4. RISK FACTORS 5. DIAGNOSIS 6. COMPLICATIONS 7. PREVENTION 1. DEFINITION Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome. TYPES OF DOWNS SYNDROME 1. Trisomy 21. About 95 percent of the time, Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21 — the person has three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the usual two copies, in all cells. This is caused by abnormal cell division during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell. 2. Mosaic Down syndrome. In this rare form of Down syndrome, a person has only some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This mosaic of normal and abnormal cells is caused by abnormal cell division after fertilization. 3. Translocation Down syndrome. Down syndrome can also occur when a portio

  ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM GNC QUESTIONS WITH SHORT ANSWERS A. DEFINITION ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM [5%] B. 3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM [10%] C. 5 PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM [20%] D. MANAGEMENT OF ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM [50%] E. COMPLICATIONS OF ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM [15%] ANSWERS A. DEFINITION This is the failure of a viable fetus to initiate and sustain respirations at birth due to intrauterine hypoxia characterized by cyanosis, poor muscle tone and bradypnea. B. CLASSIFICATIONS 1. Mild asphyxia Here the heart rate is between 60 to 80 beats per minute. Poor to good muscle tone The baby tends to breath Flexion of limbs present Cyanosis present 2. Moderate asphyxia Heart rate is between 40 to 60 beats per minute Poor to good muscle tone May show some flexion Baby attempts to breath. 3. Severe asphyxia Heart rate is lower than 40 beats per minute Baby fails to breath No flexion Color is blue to grey C. PREDISPOSING FACTORS 1. Preeclampsia or eclampsia Leads to vas